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In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. Ontology languages are usually declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of frame languages, and are commonly based on either first-order logic or on description logic.
Classification of ontology languages
editClassification by syntax
editTraditional syntax ontology languages
edit- Common Logic - and its dialects
- CycL
- DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications)
- F-Logic (Frame Logic)
- FO-dot (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
- KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format)
- Ontolingua based on KIF
- KL-ONE
- KM programming language
- LOOM (ontology)
- OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language)
- OKBC (Open Knowledge Base Connectivity)
- PLIB (Parts LIBrary)
- RACER
Markup ontology languages
editThese languages use a markup scheme to encode knowledge, most commonly with XML.
- DAML+OIL
- Ontology Inference Layer (OIL)
- Web Ontology Language (OWL)
- Resource Description Framework (RDF)
- RDF Schema (RDFS)
- SHOE
Controlled natural languages
editOpen vocabulary natural languages
editClassification by structure (logic type)
editFrame-based
editThree languages are completely or partially frame-based languages.
Description logic-based
editDescription logic provides an extension of frame languages, without going so far as to take the leap to first-order logic and support for arbitrary predicates.
Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic-based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of:
- relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
- relation types for relations between individuals
- relation types for relations between individuals and classes
It also contains constructs to express queries and communicative intent.
First-order logic-based
editSeveral ontology languages support expressions in first-order logic and allow general predicates.
- Common Logic
- CycL
- FO-dot (first-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
- KIF
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Kuhn, Tobias. "Attempto Controlled English as ontology language." REWERSE Annual Meeting. 2006.
References
edit- Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, A Roadmap to Ontology Specification Languages (2000)
- Introduction to Description Logics – DL course by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy